Zụta ụlọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ nwere ebe a na-akọ ubi, anyị anaghị enweta ala na-eme nri nke ọma maka ahịhịa na-eto eto. Ọ bụrụ na chernozem na-eme nri, ọ na-adịkarị arọ nke na ọ bụghị ihe ọkụkụ niile ka a ga-akọsu na ya. Ọ bụrụ na ọkụ - ọ bụchaghị obere humus ma chọọ ntinye ọzọ nke nri, humus. Igwe mmiri na klọọkụ ala, nke dị ugbu a n'ọtụtụ zuru oke n’ahịa, na-enyere aka inweta etiti dị n’etiti.
Ngwakọta nke mkpụrụ osisi oyibo na mkpụrụ. © Karl RavnaasAla Na-emeziwanye Ihe Akụrụngwa
N'ihi gịnị ka anyị ji nwee ihe ndị dị otú ahụ? Hà nwere ike ịgbanwe ihe ndị sitere n'okike? Ogo ala ga-ebelata ka oge na-aga? Ka anyị nwaa ịza ajụjụ ndị a.
Ala a haziri ahazi na-eme ka gburugburu ala dị mma, na-enyere osisi aka imeghari ọnọdụ ọhụụ ngwa ngwa, n'oge dị mkpirikpi, bido ịmalite, tolite na ịkọlite. Dịka iwu, osisi ndị akọ toro eto na-eto nke ọma na ọkụ, iku ume, na-anọpụ iche ala. Otu àgwà N'ezie, nye ala nri, humus, compost. Ma olee ebe ị ga-esi nweta ha na ezigbo ego? Rockfọdụ okwute na okwute na mineral ndị ndị ọkà mmụta ala chọpụtara chọpụtara nwere ikike a. Ha bụ ezigbo adsorbents ma nwee nnukwu ion-exchange na catalytic estate. Ndị a gụnyere perlite, ụmụ ahụhụ, zeolites, diatomites, oyibo flakes na ndị ọzọ. Ala mmezi na-abata n'ụlọ ahịa na ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ezu, juru n'ọnụ na akpa ma ọ bụ n'ụdị briquettes. Ha enweghị ndụ shelf, ha na-enye aka na nhazi ngwa ngwa nke ala ejiri.
Ngwughari Ala
Nke mineral ndị a na-eme ka mmadụ sie ike, perlite na vermiculite bụ ihe kachasị emetụta taa na ụlọ ezumike. Ha na-emeziwanye akụrụngwa nke ala: mee ka ọ na-enwe ikuku karị, ọkụ, na-emezi ihe ndị mejupụtara kemịkalụ, nke dị mkpa mgbe ị na-eto seedlings, ahịhịa ifuru ime ụlọ, na-akụ ahịhịa. A na-etinye ha na ala ụrọ dị arọ mgbe ị na-akụ mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ nke mkpụrụ osisi na nke beri n'ubi. Ha anaghị abanye na mmiri ọgwụ ọ bụla. Kpamkpam inert.
PerlitePerlite
Perlite bụ nkume nke nwere ugwu mgbawa na-etolite n'oge mgbawa ugwu. Ebe akwa na-ekpo ọkụ na-eme ala. A na - enweta mmiri mmiri dị n'ime ala mmiri obsidian. Enwetara obsidian hydroxide bụ ihe a na-ahụ anya nke mineral, nke yiri ájá na ihe aka ya. Site n'ụzọ, perlite na ájá nwere otu ntọala - silicon oxide, ya mere ha yiri ya na ihe ha.
Obsidian hydroxide nwere agba dị iche iche nke ndo dị iche iche na agba aja aja. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị, ọ na-acha ọcha, na-enwu ọkụ. Ngwunye na ikpo ọkụ na-esote na-agbanwe okwute ka ọ bụrụ agroperlite, ihe buru ibu na-arụ ọrụ nke ejiri agronomi n'ụwa niile.
Ngwongwo bara uru nke agroperlite
Agroperlite na-enye mkpụrụ nke mkpụrụ, na-eme ka ikuku ghara ịdị, na-atọpụ sọlfụ dị arọ, nke na-enyere aka iwepụ ihe mmiri na-eme na mmiri. Na-eme ka njigide mmiri nke sọlfọ na - eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị, belata acidity, na - egbu salinity. Ọ dị mkpa maka ịfefe osisi. Ọ na-achịkọta ọtụtụ ihe oriri na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-abanye na mmeghachi nke kemịkalụ, wee meghachite ha na ala, ebe ha na-abanye osisi n'okpuru ike nke usoro mgbọrọgwụ; ya bu, o n’eweputa onodu odi nma maka itolite na nmeghari nke osisi. Agroperlite bụ otu n'ime ihe kachasị mma na ịkọ ahịhịa nke hydroponic.
Mgbe ị na-edozi ala ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọ na-egwepịa ya, na-anọgide na-enwe ahụ anụ ahụ. Ihe elekere nke oma n’enweta ihe eji eme ihe.
Perlite nwekwara akụ na-adịghị mma. Ọ dị oke ọkụ nke na ọ bụ uzuzu uzuzu mgbe ejiri ya, ya mere nkpuchi nchebe dị mkpa mgbe ị na-eji mineral. Microparticles Perlite - uzuzu iko, nke, mgbe etinye ya na mmiri, anaghị ewepụ ya na iku ume.
Ngwakọta nke ala na perlite. © SaraIhe agroperlite
N'ime ugbo, a na-eji agroperlite ahịhịa, na-emeziwanye akụrụngwa nke ngwakọta ala mgbe ị na-eto seedlings, n'ime ahịhịa. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ha na-eji otu n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ kama iji ájá mee ngwakọta ala. A na-eji Agroperlite iji chekwaa ahịhịa na ịkpụ osisi na ome.
Vermiculite
Vermiculite na-emetụtakwa ndị na-eme ka ala adịghị mma. Enwetara site na mkpofu ahihia, nke a na-enwetakwa ọgwụgwọ ọkụ na sọks. N'oge a na-agba egbe, ọgwụ flọlọ na-agba ma na-adaba na ụmụ irighiri ihe lamellar ndị yiri mica. N'ezie, vermiculite bụkwa hydromica, nke mgbe ọ gbachara egbe gbanwere ihe ya. A na-akpọ ihe dị n'ime ya agro vermiculite.
A na-esi nweta mmanụ dị n'ime ya arụ ọrụ, anaghị ebu ọla dị arọ, anaghị abanye na mmeghachi omume kemịkal na mineral ala. Na mpụga, agrovermiculite dị iche na agroperlite na agba (na agba ọchịchịrị) na ọnọdụ anụ ahụ nke ụmụ irighiri ịnweta. Ọ naghị ere ere, ọ dịghị ere ere. N'ime oge, site na tillage a na-egwepịa ya, dị ka agroperlite, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-abụ ihe mgbakwunye ala. Isi ihe dị iche bụ ikike ịchịkọta mmiri na mineral na akụkụ nke irighiri ihe ndị ahụ wee jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ hapụ ha maka osisi. Ngwongwo ndị a na-enye aka belata ihe ndị na-agaghị emebi site na ịgba mmiri na iji mee ka nri ala na-edozi ahụ.
Ngwakọta nke ala na vermiculite. © Rhea ShellNgwongwo bara uru nke agrovermiculitis
Agrovermiculite, n'adịghị ka agroperlite, nwere ya na calcium, potassium na magnesium mejupụtara ya dị oke mkpa maka ụwa. Ọgịga na silica, aluminom na ígwè. Ha anaghị enweta osisi, mana ha na-agbakọta n’elu ihe ndị dị n’ime ala mmiri n’ụdị ion (nnabata), ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ wepụta ya ma bufee ya na osisi. Ngwongwo a, ya na agroperlite, na-enye aka buru otutu ihe oriri nye osisi. Agrovermiculitis kpokọtara mmiri na-abanye n'ime ala n'ọtụtụ dị ukwuu (ihe ruru 500% nke oke nke onwe ya) na mkpụrụ ndụ. Na gburugburu agro-vermiculite, dịka agroperlite, fungal na ọrịa nje na ahụhụ enweghị ike ibi ma mụbaa, akwara enweghị ike iji ya maka nri.
Ojiji nke agrovermiculitis
A na-ejikarị akụrụngwa nke ihe ahụ n'ọhịa maka ịkọ mkpụrụ osisi dịka mkpụrụ maka ịgha mkpụrụ, mgbe ị na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ na mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ osisi nke mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ osisi. Agrovermiculite na-ebelata pH nke ala. A na-eji akụkụ buru ibu nke mineral mee ihe mgbe ọ na-eto ihe ọkụkụ. Mgbe agwakọta n'ụzọ ọ bụla, ha na-atọghe ala, na-egbochi guzobe jikọrọ ọnụ mmiri (mulch mara mma).
Germination nke osisi na vermiculiteEtu esi eji agroperlite na agrovermiculitis?
N'ihi njirimara na akụrụngwa maka nhazi, agrovermiculite agaghị enwe ike iji ya maka ahịhịa na-enweghị atụ. Ike ya imetere mmiri nwere ike bute mgbọrọgwụ ire ere.
Agroperlite enweghị ike ị nweta mmiri mmiri, sonye na ngwakọta nri, yabụ ejiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ dị ọcha na 4-5 n'arọ / sq. m nke ebe mulching n'akụkụ-azuokokoosisi okirikiri nke okenye mkpụrụ osisi. N'okpuru akwa ya, ahụhụ agaghị enwe ike ịkagbu karịa, ọrịa na-etolite, na ụmụ oke na-ata ahụhụ. N'okpuru ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ nke ahịhịa, oyi akwa nke mulch na ala na-erute 3 cm, osisi ime ụlọ - 1 cm.
Iji kwadebe ngwakọta ala kachasị mma, a na-agbakwunye 15% nke ma mineral nke ngụkọta nke ala a kwadebere na ala mbu. A na-enweta ngwakọta dị elu maka mkpụrụ nke ahịhịa na-akụ n'ime ụlọ na mkpụrụ osisi site na ịgwakọta peat na agroperlite na agrovermiculite na nha (na%) 70:15:15.
Maka ịkwanye mkpuru osisi nke ala mepere emepe site na iji agrovermiculite na peat (1: 1), osisi dị n'ime ụlọ 2: 1. Agrovermiculite na-ebelata acidity nke ala, yabụ, mgbe ị na-akwadebe ngwakọta maka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto eto n'ime ime herbaceous ahịhịa, akụkụ 2 nke agroemiculite kwa 1 akụkụ nke peat.
Mgbe ị na-akụ mkpụrụ nke osisi na ihe ọkụkụ beri, ihe dị ka kilogram 3 nke agro-vermiculite na-agbakwunye na ala a gwakọtara n'olulu. Mgbe ha na-akụ ma na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ osisi strawberries, na-akụ mkpụrụ n’okpuru ohia, ha na-agbakwunye ihe dị ka iko 1.0-1.5 n’ime oghere ọ bụla ma gwakọta ya na ala.
Maka iji mkpụrụ agroperlite mee mkpụbe, a na-akwadebe ngwakọta nke ala na ogo nke 4: 1. Ghara ịhapụ uzuzu, agroperlite ga-adịrịrị aja mmiri tupu iji ya. Hum wedata ala agaghị agbanwe akụrụngwa nke mineral.
Perlite na vermiculite. © Herbs PatchMountain sedimentary mineral - ala Ọdịmma
Na mgbakwunye na mineral ndị mmadụ mepụtara, a na-ere ahịa sọlfọ na mineral, nke nwere na mbụ nwere ngwongwo nke imezi usoro ala (diatomites, zeolites na ndị ọzọ).
Diatomite
N'ime ihe ndị sitere n'okike na-eme ka ala na-enweghị ike ijigide mmiri, a na-eji diatomite. Materialme ihe ọkụkụ mara mma, maịasịa na-eme ka mmiri nwekwuo ikike nke ala. N'elu ụrọ, ịgwakọta ala diatomaceous na aki oyibo na ala, ị nwere ike nweta ngwakọta na-abụghị naanị na-ebelata njupụta nke ala, na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe karị ma nwee mmiri na ikuku, mana nwekwara mmetụta dị mma na acidity ma ọ bụ salinity.
Mineralsfọdụ mineral na-enwe ike ichekwa ọtụtụ nri nri ma jiri nwayọ nye ha ahịhịa ka hachọrọ. Ka iwelie porosity nke ala, akụrụngwa adsorption ya, ị nweghị ike ime na-enweghị ngwakọta nke diatomite na zeolite.
Diatomite © Nathan WakefieldZeolite
Zeolite na-ejigide nsonaazụ ya dị mma na akụrụngwa nke ala ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 5, nke dị ezigbo mkpa mgbe ị na-ahazi ahịhịa, na-atụgharị ifuru, na-agbanwe ala ala. Ihe owuwu nke zeolites bụ sọrel pụrụ iche, "sieve molekụla", a na-eji ihe ndị a eme ihe na usoro mgbanwe ion. N'ime ọrụ ugbo, a na-eji zeolites ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa iji mezie acidity nke ala, njigide mmiri, adsorption nke arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper nke ndị na-adịghị mma na mejupụtara ala. A na-eji ya eme ka mmiri dị ọcha mgbe ọ na-azụ azụ n’ebe sara mbara. Na Bulgaria, zeolite n'ihi akụrụngwa a na-eji ya na ịkụ ahịhịa nke gburugburu ebe obibi.
N'elu acidic, nke a na-akọghị nke ọma, ala na-enweghị atụ, ojiji nke zeolites yana mkpo oyibo dị irè. Nwere ike ịme nri nke ịnweta nri ozugbo, nke na - agaghị enwe ike ịfe ya n’ala, mana ọ ga - eji nwayọ banye n’usoro ihe ọkụkụ.
Zeolite
Jiri Ahịhịa Efere
Mkpụrụ osisi oyibo adịghị n’ime mkpụrụ ahịhịa na microflora pathogenic, nwere acid na-anọpụ iche. Iji dozie ezigbo mkpụrụ nke na-eto eto, na-akụ mkpụrụ, ọ ga-ezu ịgwakọta aki oyibo na ala a ruru nke 1: 3, karị. Iji ihe mkpofu ahihia na ngwakọta nke ihe gwakọtara ala, ị nweghị ike inye mkpụrụ nri. Mgbe ofe gwụsịrị, akụrụngwa na-akụ oyibo ga-abụ ihe mmeju maka nri nke mkpụrụ nke na-akụ mkpụrụ, mkpụrụ osisi na-akụ ya.
A na-atụ aro ngwakọta nke mkpụrụ osisi oyibo na agrovermiculite site na ndị na-akọ ifuru maka ịkọ ifuru mgbe etinyere na ite.
Ngwakọta ndị dị otú ahụ bụkwa ihe a na-agaghị agbanwe agbanwe mgbe ha na-eto akwụkwọ nri na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ hydroponic. Maka ihe mejupụtara ala hydroponic artificial, a na-ejikarị ngwakọta nke mineral (perlite, vermiculite, ajị ịnweta, eriri oyibo).
Maka mkpụrụ nke na-eto eto, mkpụrụ osisi oyibo na-eji trichoderma arụ ọrụ. N'ime mkpụrụ a, microflora fungal na-adịghị mma adịghị adị.
Achịcha ahịhịa ndị nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbakwunye na-enweghị ọnụnọ nke pathogenic microorganisms maka ngwakọta ala. N’elu bọket ma ọ bụ ala ahịhịa juru, a ga-ezuru 1-2 iko shells n’ala.
Mkpụrụ osisi oyibo.
Ezigbo agụ, akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwu maka akụrụngwa ụfọdụ nke ndozi ala. Iji ihe ndị a ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ na-eme ka ala na - eme nri dị mma, jide n'aka na ị ga - agụ ihe ndị a tụrụ aro ma soro ha mgbe ị na - akwadebe ngwakọta.
