Ọka - "ọka ala America", ụlọ nna nna mbụ nke bụ (dịka data ochie si dị) Mexico. Ọtụtụ ndị nyocha kwuru na ọdịbendị a sitere na ụwa ọzọ, na-eme ka ihe akaebe ha bụrụ na enweghị ụdị nna nna ochie na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmụpụta nwa. Ihe ndị a kpuchiri nsonaazụ nke otu onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie America onye chọpụtara ụdị ọka ọka nwere njikọ chiri anya. N’ebe ogwugwu ihe emere n’otu puku afọ asaa gara aga, “ọka ọhịa” ghọrọ ọdịbendị nke puku afọ 8. N'ihe ogugu ndi ozo nke uzo ochie ha, achoputara udiri omenala ya, ihe eji eme ya ugbu a dika nri.
Nri ọka. Tampo nwokeChristopher Columbus bu onye mbu butere ọka na Europe n'okpuru aha ọka. N'oge Alaeze Russia, ọka bu ụzọ biri na Ukraine, Crimea, Caucasus, na Moldova. Mgbe e mechara, site na uche Nikita Khrushchev, ọ gara na mpaghara Europe nke Russia wee gbanye mgbọrọgwụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ. Taa, a maara ọka n'ụwa niile. Egwu dị ịtụnanya na -eme ihe karịrị narị nri narị abụọ n’ime ya.
Ọka na usoro osisi
Ọka na ọka taa bụ nke ezinụlọ ọka (Poaceae) Gosiputara na iche iche okike ọka (Ezi) Olee ụdị ihe ọkụkụ na-anọchi anya ya Ọka nkịtị (Ezi mays), ntinye (Ezi mays subsp. Mays). Na mba niile na-akọ ọka na oke nke mmepụta, a na-eji ụdị a dịka nri, teknuzu, nri. Mgbe e mesịrị, ụdị iche / iche iche dị iche iche dịpụrụ adịpụ - ọka dị ụtọ (Zaka saccharata). Na mpaghara dị iche iche nke Russia na CIS, ọka nwere ọtụtụ aha. Ndị a ma ama bụ whale, maize, millet Turkish, ntị ọka.
Nkọwapụta bayoloji
Ọka bụ osisi na-enwe kwa afọ nke nwere ezigbo fibrous mgbọrọgwụ, mpaghara nkesa nke ala ahụ na-eru 1.0-2.0 m.
Gee 1.5-2.0-3.0 m, chịm, knotty. N'ala ndị dị ala, a na-etolite mgbọrọgwụ ikuku, nke na-arụ ọrụ na-akwado maka oke ikuku "dị arọ" nke ọdịbendị dị ogologo. N'adịghị ka ọka ndị ọzọ, ọka ọka dị n'ime ya jupụtara na pulp nwere ụtọ dị ụtọ.
Akwụkwọ nke ọka dị oke oke, oge ụfọdụ ruo mita n'ogologo na 10-12 cm n'obosara, ahịrị, sessile, nwanyị.
Ọka bụ ahịhịa na-akụ ata. Infmụ nwoke (inflorescences nwoke) dị na elu azuokokoosisi. Ifuru na-acha uhie uhie na-eburu site na ikuku, na-adaba na mkpịsị nke pistils. Infmụ nwanyị dị n'ụdị nke spikelets bụ ndị edobere n'ahịrị na ngalaba nke cob. Cobs nwere ifuru ụmụ nwanyị dị n’etiti azuokokoosisi na axils nke epupụta. N'oge okooko osisi, akwara isi na-apụta n'ụdị nke ntutu na-acha uhie uhie, na-ehichasị mgbe mmesịrị. Ọka ọka na July. Ugbo na-ewe izu 2-3.
Mkpụrụ ahụ bụ caryopsis. N'adịghị ka mkpụrụ ndị ọzọ, mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bụ okirikiri, nke buru ibu, nke nwere agba dị iche iche: edo edo, ọbara ọbara, nwa, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-acha ọcha na ụcha ndị ọzọ.
Ọka dị ụtọ, na-akụkwa (Ezi mays). © MariaNjirimara ọgwụgwọ nke ọka
Iwu ọka na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọtụtụ ihe bara uru na vitamin na-enwe ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ mgbe eji nri ma ọ bụ n’ụdị ọgwụ.
Owuwe ihe ubi nke nwanyi ọka okooko osisi na-eme ka ịchụpụ nke bile, mezie ọrụ nke pancreas na imeju, motility nke afọ na eriri afọ. A na-ahụta mgbanwe dị mma na atherosclerosis, polio, eczema, gout, muscle dystrophy, hypovitaminosis "E" na ọrịa ndị ọzọ.
Eziokwu ahụike. Mba ndi nwe obodo nke “ọka olulu” n’enweghi oria.
Ihe mejupụtara kemịkal nke ọka
Mkpụrụ ọka nwere vitamin B, nicotinic na pantothenic acid, stachi, mmanụ ọdụdụ, zeaxanthin, quercetin, na usoro flavonoid. Mmanụ ọka dị elu na vitamin E (vitamin ntorobịa). Ejiri ya na akwukwo nri. Site na njiri mara oru ya, o na abia nso nke nkochi ime akwa. Ọka ọka lowers cholesterol. Ejiri maka mgbochi nke atherosclerosis.
Karịsịa ọgaranya bara uru Njirimara bụ ọka stigmas. Ha nwere ilu, chlorophyll, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, goms. Resins, vitamin nke B, K, E, D, ascorbic acid na ogige ndị ọzọ. A na-eji nkwadebe ọka sitere na ọka na gọọmentị ọgwụ ọrịa na ọrịa gynecology, ọrịa Down, ọrịa akụrụ na ọrịa ndị ọzọ.
Ọka dị ụtọ (Ezi mays). Ọhịa & Kim StarrAgrotechnology nke ọka na-eto eto
Ọka na-ezo aka n'ihe ọkụkụ nke ịkọ ya chọrọ ụfọdụ nkà. Ọ bụghị ndị ọrụ ubi niile kụrụ mkpụrụ jikwaa ịnakọta ntị dị ụtọ. Iji mee ka ala ahụ nwee “ihe ịga nke ọma,” gbalịa ịgbaso usoro nlekọta niile nke teknụzụ chọrọ.
Otu nkpuru oka
Ọ kachasị mma ịkọ ọka dị ụtọ na mba. Childrenmụaka na-a joyụrị ọ andụ na nnụnụ na-atọ ụtọ. Site na ụdị ụlọ, ị nwere ike ị nye ụdị adọ ụdịrị mbụ Dobrynya, Lakomka 121, oge ọkọri bụ ụbọchị 70-75. Osisi nke ọ bụla na-akpụ ọka abụọ. Ulo di iche-iche nke Early Gold 401, Suite 77, Icy Nectar bu ndi n’enweghi oge. A na-akpụkọ cobs abụọ na 19 na cm 22. Mkpụrụ dịgasị iche iche bụ nke ndị kacha atọ ụtọ. Maka mpaghara ugwu, ụdị Swift na Sundance dị mma. All iche na adọ ụdị ụfọdụ nwere ike iwesa ọhụrụ. A na-echekwa ha ngwa ngwa. Ahịa ahụ na-enye ọtụtụ ụdị na adọ ụdị ụfọdụ etolitere na Europe na USA. Ha nwere uru ha. Onye kwesiri ibu uzo nye onye nwe ihe ahia.
Nhọrọ oche na ndi bu uzo
Maka ọka, ebe kachasị mma bụ anwụ na-acha, ebe ndị na-enweghị osisi nwere osisi toro ogologo. Ndi kachasị mara nke a bụ peas, agwa, ihe ọkụkụ n’oge oyi, poteto, buckwheat, zukini, ugu, seedlings, ose.
Ọka dị ụtọ (Ezi mays). Ọhịa & Kim StarrAla nkwadebe
Ihe ndina emere maka ọka, na - esighi na akuku nke ihe ubi eme. Ọ bụrụ na oge kwere ka mmalite nke oyi ihu igwe, akpasu iwe nke ụbịa ahịhịa site na ogbugba mmiri n'ubi ma bibie ha na-enweghị olulu.
Tupu ịpụ maka oge oyi, tinye bọket humus ma ọ bụ ahịhịa na abụba dị elu na 200 200 nke superphosphate na 80-100 g nke nnu nnu kwa square. m square. Gwuo shọvelụ na bayoneeti. N'oge opupu ihe ubi, tupu ịgha mkpụrụ na ala toro eto, jiri nitrophosphate nke 50-60 g / sq. Site na igwu ala ọzọ (10-15 cm), na-amịpụta ala ma na mmalite nke ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na-aga n'ihu ịgha mkpụrụ.
Corngha ọka
A na-akụ ọka na mpaghara ndịda na etiti May. Ke ufọt ikpehe ke akpatre ụbọchị ise nke May ka ufọt ufọt June site seedlings. Ọ bụ ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ịmalite ịgha mkpụrụ site na ntọala nke ikuku ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na ala na-ekpo ọkụ mgbe niile na oyi akwa 10-12 cm ka + 12 ... +15 Celsius. Ọ bụrụ na-akụ ya na mbido, osisi ga-anọ ọdụ, osisi ndị ahụ ga na-afụ ụfụ.
Tupu ịgha mkpụrụ, enwere ike ịgbanye mkpụrụ nke minit 5-10 na 1% na ngwọta nke potassiumganganate, ma, kechiri ya, a ga-etinye akwa nhicha ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ (+ 20 ... + 25 ° С) maka kilchevka.
Ọka ọka usoro
Ọka bụ osisi toro ogologo ma nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa ọka na-eto obere ike ma ọ bụ ịkwado ihe ọ bụla. Ọtụtụ mgbe, n'ime dachas ha na-eji usoro ịgha mkpụrụ nkịtị, na-ahapụ n'etiti osisi 30 cm na n'agbata ahịrị 50-60 cm. A na-eme ịgha mkpụrụ mgbe ịmịcha mmiri. Ẹsuande ke edisat isọn̄, n̄kpasịp iditịghike. N’otu oghere oghere 2-3 n’ogologo nke 4-6 cm. Wụsa na ụwa n'elu. Mgbe mkpụrụ nke pụtara mgbe ụbọchị 10-12 gachara, a na-ewepụ mkpụrụ ndị na-adịghị ike. Iji mee ka omenaala guzobe ihe ọkụkụ zuru oke, ọ dị mkpa ịgha mkpụrụ dịkarịa ala 4 ma ọ bụ kụọ ya site na iji usoro ntanetị (35x35, 40x40 na ndị ọzọ). Nke a bụ n'ihi pollination. Ahịhịa nke a kụrụ n'ahịrị 1-2 nwere ike ịmị nke ọma. Ọ na-abụkarị nke a na-eme site n'aka, spraying pollen tozuru etozu nke inflorescences nwoke site na ịma jijiji na ahịhịa na ihu igwe.
A na-akụ ọka n'ọtụtụ usoro n'ime ụbọchị 10-15, nke na-enye ohere ịgbatị owuwe ihe ubi ahụ maka izu 2-4.
Ọka dị ụtọ, ma ọ bụ ọka. JenniferSeedlingsgha mkpụrụ ọka
N'etiti ma karịsịa na mpaghara ugwu, ọka na-eto site na mkpụrụ. N'etiti etiti, ebe oge ọkụ dị mkpụmkpụ, usoro seedling na-enye gị ohere ịnweta ntị nke teknuzu (mmiri ara ehi) n'ọhịa. N'ebe ugwu, a na-akụ akụ ọka n'ime ụlọ.
A na-akụ mkpụrụ dị iche iche na arịa dị iche iche, ị nwere ike peat akụwa, nwere olu dịkarịa ala 200 g. A na-ejupụta arịa ndị ahụ na ngwakọta ala nke peat, humus ma ọ bụ ájá tozuru okè na aja (1: 2: 1). A na-etinye Ash na nitrophosphate na ngwakọta. A na-eli mkpụrụ ndị ahụ ruo 3-4 cm ma fesa ya na ájá. A na-eme ka ala dị n'ite ahụ. Tupu germin, okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụlọ ahụ sitere na + 20 ... + 25 * C, mgbe ọ kụrụ, enwere ike belata ya ka ọ bụrụ + 17 ... + 20 * C. Daysbọchị 8-10 tupu ịkụnye ya n’ebe na-adịgide adịgide, a na-enye ma na-agba mmiri nke seedlings. A na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi dị egwu ụbọchị 30 n'otu ebe na-adịgide adịgide site na usoro mbufe (ka ọ ghara imebi mgbọrọgwụ) ma ọ bụ ya na arịa (peat ite).
Nlekọta ọka
Ala n'okpuru ọka akuku kwesịrị rụrụ, dị ọcha site na ata ah u, na-enweghị jikọrọ ọnụ. Ma loosening a rụrụ naanị ruo mgbe e guzobere n'okpuru mgbọrọgwụ. Site na mmalite nke mgbọrọgwụ siri ike, a na-eme ugwu abụọ iji kpuchie mgbọrọgwụ ndị ahụ na-adọrọ adọrọ. A na-ejikọ loosening mbụ ya na mulching.
Ahịhịa 2-3, a na-ata ọka, na-ewepụ ome ndị na-adịghị ike na-eto n'otu akwu. Hapụ 1 mgbe ụfọdụ 2 nke ike, Ome ndị ka etolite etolite.
Na nmalite nke uto na-arụ ọrụ, ihe mgbochi dị na ọka. A na-ebibikwa ha n’agha, ebe ha na-eri nnukwu nri n’ụba n’osisi ha. N'agbanyeghị, ụzọ dị n'akụkụ na-apụta site na ịgha mkpụrụ.
Ekwesịrị ịse mmiri n’oge 1 n’ime 6-10 ụbọchị ma ọ bụ mgbe oke 4-5 cm nke ala ahụ dọrọ. Mgbe ị na-agba mmiri, mmiri kwesịrị iru 1-12 cm nke ala oyi akwa. Igwe mmiri dị n'elu na-enyere aka ịmepụta ntị nke efu.
Ọka dị mma inye nri. N’oge ọkọchị, ọ dịkarịa ala uwe 3 na-arụ ọrụ. Nke mbu - na ogugu nke ahihia isii, ihe omuma nke nnunu ma obu ahihia. Ngwakọta siri ike na-agwara dil 11 na 8, n'otu n'otu. Nke abuo - na mmalite nke uka nke ọka ma ọ bụ mmalite nke idowe isi nke kabeeji. Ha na-ebute nitrofosk, enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na kemira na-amị mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ microelements. Maka 1 square. m itinye onyinye 40-60 g nke nitrophosphate na (ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla) 30 g nke kemira. Gbasaa iko 1-2 nke ntụ. A na-eme ihe mgbakwunye ikpeazụ dị elu site na nri nitrophosic ma ọ bụ fatịlaịza-potassium, karị 40 na 30 g / sq. m
Seedlings nke ọka, izu nke atọ. © Amber siri ikeỌrịa na ọka nke ọka
Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọka na-ebute smut smut, bacteriosis. Ọrịa fungal nwere ike ịmetụta ọ bụghị naanị cobs, kamakwa akụkụ ahụ ahịhịa (akwụkwọ na mkpị). Ka ọ ghara ibunye osisi ndị ọzọ, a na-ewepụ onye ọrịa ozugbo ma kpọọ ya ọkụ. Maka prophylaxis, a na-agwọ mkpụrụ tupu ịgha mkpụrụ na biofungicide planriz, a na-ewepụta trichodermin na mmiri.
N ’imebi nsogbu na-esi n’erighị ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ (agụụ ụkọ potassium), helminthosporiasis na-amalite n’elu ọka. Ngosiputa nke ihe oria bu oria nke akwukwo. Ọ na - emetụta cobs - oghere, na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla grains. Ọ dị mkpa iji nri sitere na fatịlaịza nri (30-40 g / ịwụ mmiri), 1-2 lita kwa osisi.
N'ime ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ, aphids, scoops, ọka na ahịhịa nla, wireworms, ahụhụ na ahụhụ na-emetụta ọka. A naghị atụ aro ka iji kemịkalụ kemịkal mee ihe mgbe ị na-eto ọka na mba ahụ, ebe ọ dị mkpa ịnweta ngwaahịa na-eme gburugburu ebe obibi. Ya mere, mgbe oke osisi gachara, a na-efesa ọka ugboro 2 kwa ọnwa na ihe ngwọta nke bioinsecticides (actofit, bitoxibacillin, wdg) dabere na nkwenye maka ojiji. Ha adịghị emerụ ahụ mmadụ na anụmanụ. Soybean kụrụ n'akụkụ ọka ga-echebe ihe ọkụkụ site na ahụhụ ahụhụ.
Ọka dị ụtọ. Jeanie TsengOwuwe ihe ubi
Maka oriri ọhụrụ, a na-egbute ọka na mmiri ara ehi. You nwere ike gbaghaa mpempe akwụkwọ ma nwalee njupụta nke grains na cob, ebe mkpagbu nke ifuru ụmụ nwanyị akpọnwụwo. Maka canning, ọ ka mma iji mkpụrụ mmiri ara ehi ripeness.
